Greece and Europe: similarities and differences
The work of Europe: the composition of the landscape of modernity
Three main features of the European Renaissance
The tearing of monotheism
The End of Europe The
-civilization "European miracle" between economics and philosophy
Greece and Europe: similarities and differences
1. A convenient way to address what was the gesture of Eu-rope, is to compare the five crucial centuries of history - Be-tween the fifteenth century when they began to (re) birth and the twentieth where she collapsed in his two wars - the three centuries of classical Greece. Can you com-pare these two civilizations from all the cel-who have devel-oped in the history of human societies? Three traits that are essential ren-tooth plausible reason this comparison sound. a) Both have been then-edge marketing and shipping them, one of the Mediterranean Sea, the other Oceans, walled up in some way to the east and south by large empires (the Persia and Egypt, in one, Islam, the Ot-toman, Russia, in the other), this power, they had to sell them then harder to West, the Roman Empire and the American Empire. b) Both have had a history of incessant internal struggles for hegemony between the above-Greek ties with the same language and same traditions and reli-gious literature, in one between nations of different languages Fe-ent and even religious and literary traditions, in the other, and these struggles have sounded their death knell, the Peloponnesian war there, the two Guer-res world of the 20th century here. c) Both have given the history of humans the only cases that it has been re-demo-cratic regimes, mainly related to slavery and colonialism, even violent relationship and 'blind' to the other barbarous or savage only two have been the source of philosophy and science, they knew fe-cond empires that have dispossessed [1] .
2. There is a clear difference, however, concerning jus-ly philosophy as a gesture of civilization. Certainly, Greece has received goods invaluable in the preceding civilizations, astronomy, the alphabet, counting, techniques, without which the polis would not have been possible. But this great discovery (for us), philosophy, the draft text and rational knowledge, this fabulous ca-deau offered Europe to come, classical Athens was produced at the end of its evolution, on the slope of the decline already too late to use its 'profit' civilizational, since his destiny took him 'out' of Europe in the Roman Empire of the East, Orthodox Christianity [ 2] in the Ottoman Empire until back a century and some to receive of Europe, the F-Con a poor relation, so the processed fruit-tage of the inheritance she had once left. What a strange fate for this 'Greek miracle'! The Eu-rope, by cons, has received too early on, when she was still well-under barbaric as many gold-Byzantine orthodoxy that civilization is-lamique: philosophy and literature ancient Jewish and Christian Bibles, the Roman institutions, all watched over his cradle. And it is as if, once will not hurt, the scriptures re arrived early at any time if the Europeans make their civilization. From a 'miracle' to another, the mid-ror will be reversed: there, the civilizations of democratic philosophy, here, from philosophy to civilization demo-cratic.
3. If you want to use the Marxist terminology here, this would-be to contradict the doctrine: Greek philosophy has re-survey of the superstructure, while in Europe it penetrated the infra-structure, driven by monotheistic theology at the heart of parental reports tee themselves. No doubt farmers and even noble warriors were they illiterate medieval Christianity that does put them at the clerks with a mini-mum-tional doctrinal training, which not only channeled to schools (monasteries and other) kids gifted stu-des, but led people to assimilate the seed of the Bible, with his stories, his stories', and seeds of philosophy, of onto-theo-logy heideggerian terms: one God creator of all-cause, as immortal souls of them in everyone, the vi-lowing and things in general can be 'de-fi-ned', 'inseparable' from their context. These seeds were se-pressed in a land of beneficiary (curse) diction ancestral gifts multi-ples, which probably stood for a long time: the world of saints, angels and demons of religions-popular - Christians Portuguese fights, both against the Christians also Castilian, some on behalf of St. George, others in the name of St. Jacques - the relics, pictures, ri-tual, promises, this proliferation, like pre-monotheistic ( pre-Deuteronomistic) shrines of local and regional-ter appears attesting the survival of a background polytheistic gods barba-tion who have not left Earth, their rituals more or less mingled with those of Christianity monotheistic Official [3] . But the report to the ancestors, the sacred place of anchorage, not least started by monotheism, paradox of his writing (9. 36): first by the violence it initiated the 'conversion' of the tribes and these remnants of the graft religious and by the fact that in Christianity, the pa-rents are the source of the one body of their bé-bies, the soul from God and con-tion directly, as was the baptism in faith;-end, year-Cetra became, in the late 12th century, the sinner souls in purgatory, de- ; baggy alms, penances and prayers of their descendants, victims in need of legal blessings , so to speak, complete reversal of the concept-year-thropo logical ancestor.
4. Let me explain the concept of civilization . It implies that a network-related companies in these a certain geographical area. In societies like the monarchy, as Judah and Greece, these relations become visible in war and in alliances, in marriages between son and daughters of kings which we have seen the Prophets are wary because of the inevitable-able intersections in- ; be myths, not wanting to downstream, but without much knowledge of those already there had always been upstream, known today as the reason his comparison between the cosmologies, for example. The trade was above all that of rare materials and precious, related to the con-struction large royal buildings and / or religious purposes and the luxury of being mo-narchiques [4] , it is mainly the latter cell-exchanging, in particular that relates to di-paid technical writing, arithmetic astro-nomic and reli-gious. This network - rather than desires, wars and trade - which makes visible what each exceeding so-ciety and its tissue-usa ancestral management, more or less differentiated pa-rent but still near the tissue uses of its neighbors. Christianity pre-European that is being described is thus conceived as a local civilization quite common to various com-panies feudal, with their ancestors and languages [5] , their shrines and traditions, their kings and nobles, their interests and desires, their Guer-res always reborn. The Church, somehow coordinated by Rome, is the visible link (monotheist) [6] this civilization, including networks of large monastic orders, the lan-gauge as the language of Latin culture soon Universities and Gold-don beggars. By extending creatively - As di-formerly known as theology and everywhere today - the work of the Co-tracks anonymous binds us an immense debt, the scholastic question - which I celebrated Thomas Aquinas, but every little article of his Summa Theologica marks the intertextual network that weaves its text and should have been so indecently help promote a proper name - the universities therefore give our eyes as the first major work- ; link to what will be the Euro-pean civilization. Emerging from the religion-only daily monotheistic, that is that the few large-fi gures of civilizations have become old-naked as our ancestors, the ancestors precisely de-listed vilis-tion, mixed pell-mell to the year-Cetra lineage of each so-ciety. How important is that one came from Naples, one from Oxford and a third of Cologne, that Columbus was ge-nevois, has learned his craft in navi-ing de-Portuguese and has covered the America Service of Castile, that Galileo was Italian [7] , Des-French cards, Locke and Newton and Leibniz English German. Their work makes them immediately of the ancestors of European civilization-pe-enemies. First it is Europe.
5. The place of philosophy Ontotheology from medieval civilization which Europe is proved after de-incisor especially its role - the 'maid (ancilla ) of theology, no doubt, but it' was this 'domestic service' which gave the concepts constituting the backbone of theology itself - as a teacher in the school and medieval-suite in the European school till now, teaching elementary to upper-Interior: everything about the school say think - definition, con-cepts, arguments, methods - to the philosophical hit that we know it or not, as evidenced by the striking Greek-roots ; question and Latin studded our European languages, such as Hei-Degg calls "the conceptual system European " [8] . It is the work of philosophy: it elaborates concepts or new-ering new possibilities of thinking, acting, living, insti-kill. However, it is good of the infra-tructural, although Marx had thought, because that, as school knowledge, has made possible all-able institutions that Europe has invented: scientific questions, you - ch-ni-nomic, political , legal questions, democratic questions, etc.. So the difference between Greece and Europe is that this one has not fundamentally changed its economic base, agricultural and assuming slavery and military hand (like the Romans in imperial expansion), while the work of Europe consisted precisely in the way in transforming the social landscape, will revolutionize itself from top to bottom, then dragging the others with.
The work of Europe: the composition of the landscape of modernity
6. Indeed, it is in a school in philosophical matrix, university scholastics first, lies the secret of the Eu-ro-pe. It has been said that they were the greatest invention of Europe (W. Market) and I can say as much as Europe is the greatest invention of its universities. For if we want to characterize his gesture to her, in comparison with those of Judah and Greece, it will seu-le-tion the work of some writers, thinkers, scientists, inventors or in-social reformers, nor how it reformulated the philosophical text, or the invention of physical and chemical crumb alliance with the technique and the machine. The gesture of Europe is indeed linked to this, but it wraps them in something that, in the history of humans, has only one parallel and anonymous-le-le, the Neolithic revolution was at the origin of society to May-sounds: the social landscape itself, society as a tissue constituent, who were upset. Civilization com-panies in homes and church monotheistic has changed in the civilization-sa-tion of institutions and companies families: this is what deserves the name of revolution [9] , non-national or social point, but its civilization-tion trend in global or universal.
7. We can briefly characterize the modern institution as a portion bounded and con-trout territory, organized-posed as calendars and Horai-res set according to specialized activi-ties (that's modernity) that, in very general terms, we refer to as "La-bour 'or' job '. These activities are carried out by a popula-tion of agents, organized according to their abilities so hierarchical. The institu-tion is also defined by its reproduction (as a tendency, at least) throughout several generations of agents and that this specialized activities have no purpose but self-sufficient, while on the contrary, receiving her out while they need for functions, they are also es-tially bound to produce ef-fects beyond the limits of their territory, whether commercial paper, to administra-tion that political, educational or other, so-creative types read or not. In all this, they oppose autarchy houses of yesteryear, and assumed therefore feels a net-so-cial kinship separate, which provides their agents, already adults. This is one of the most extraordinary effects nai-ing the revolution, before which, in any so-ciety patriarchal, the pa-rent was unit with the economy in the homes, these alliances-insurance Rant social fabric decisive is the only economy, become gigantic, gilt-nbefore which guarantees the social fabric itself, and the modern so-ciety is the fabric of institutions (private and public), the order of the kinship network becoming detached, what we call the family (for what-we invented the local residential: apartments in re-buckets im-furniture). It is more like May-sounds of yesteryear, a genea-logy patriarchal Ancestors [10] who traded his wives, but the compound (present or ephemeral) of a neck-ple and children. Two institutions connect these two networks: school, which ensures the transition of families to institutions, giving them the knowledge base necessary to operate them, market, which spills out to the families (and between institutions also) the products of institutions, they need to breed, they pay with the salaries received from institutions, without which the market could not function. Social ties (the frame-work nation-state) be established, will tighten the turn-network institutional, primary purpose of all the worries of powers, while the die-che-ta-tion of the kinship networks will be-la-ne more tasks, extra-tible of openness and of liberation, critical of his that have not stopped shaking fami-lies (nuclear, it is said) [11] , garlic-in different ways according to their the epochs and classified its so-cia-on: women's work in the new institutions, fe-mini-me, the extension di-vorce, sexual liberation-ing them (as homo-hetero-), seizure of mo-tions and religions, and so on: it's the end of patriarchy.
8. Then there is another new modern individuals, we have difficulty understanding how this is something that no other civilization has ever known. The people of the house depended in one way total or totalitarian father's home and his will for their work, food, subsistence, social position, or for their recreation, but the father house itself has no social value other than its May-sound, lig-nage which he named (as an honor, that is to say an inheritance-tage and therefore an obligation) . In the ancient world the word freedom has almost no meaning. Any other individual is the modern, defined by different brands: the difference between the family he is born and nurtured, where he resides, and the institution where he works on a limited number of hours per day (not fully taxable neither one nor the other), salary money that makes him the freedom to buy-ter as it wants to diversify and hence aesthetics its residential this, the passage through eco-it, giving each a glo-bal cultural knowledge necessary for its circulation as a citizen of specialization and expertise, necessary for its entry into the employment of an institution, insurance, by part of its nation-state, its human rights and citizen.
9. Development in Europe of the school, making it accessible to everyone in general the process of its subjectification - vocational, cultural and civic life - the process thus its free-dom, is linked to the parallel development of printing (since the fifteenth century) and the press (since the seventeenth century) and the two were behind the formation of public opinion in major cities in each nation-state, which had a decisive role, with move-ments poli-cies of great violence in the gradual formation of democratic regimes my question moder-ties. Democracy is a structural dimension of the landscape on the mo-European dernité . It is the way - both ethical (in respect of free-dom of citizens) and rational (in the organiza-tion of the debate reasoned opinions do) - the cheapest possi-ble to organize socially and politically-ing this network of institutions which is a civil-posed. It presupposes, therefore: first that the social fabric has become the network of modern institutions, including exchanges are done according to the rationality of the market, that is to say, the specialization and Money on the other hand are that generalize the process of subjectification (school) and individualisation (Employment and-lar) and the consequential formation of a public [12] .
10. We will try to mention how the Ontotheology (dimension of philosophical monotheism), after the double se-preparation , biblical God and philosophical definition, has made possible the physical and chemical sciences and So the art modern, separate return, had the major role in the OEU-tinue to Europe in the composition of the landscape of modernity. It is part of the his philosophical re-Eu-rope that will be read in its report Structural rel to the history of the con-struction of the Euro-pe as shown vilis modern.
Three main features of the European Renaissance
11. Between Occam and the Europeans, there was the Renaissance of Europe, if not his birth, his baptism. It was the Greeks who gave the name of one of his muses to this 'Asian peninsula', which they knew could not be much more than the existence to their far northwest, but it is scholars remained a name and it does not seem to have become common before the sixteenth century, where it is found in Erasmus, Camões and Tasso, probably in connection with the disclosure of printing and writing in languages worm-naculaires new nations being born, but also recast the image of the world in maps. It could therefore be a re-birth name: Europe who reads begins to identify itself vis-à-vis a world that is much larger than we previously believed. In re-te-ing the year-born 1450-1520 as pivotal years, we could discern three lines of force.
12. a) In 1450, Gutenberg invented the printing or typographical graphy and Development this technique of writing is as fast-tion until 1520 almost no one more manuscripts transcribed [13] . The movement initiated by Petrarch philological-that (1304-1374) - his desire to find the authentic text of Cicero in the game of its variants manual, dawn of the textual criticisms of the nineteenth century - will assert progressive-ing as re-turn to the ancient pagan tradition beyond the school-last-and that will be strongly scattered by the disclosure of li-tinue im-pressed and by the end of the copyists. Petrarch but not focusing on the enormous CUPE that text, it also seeks to find the 'force' and'in-dividualité 'the great orator Latin: Renaissance will continue this search for' men 'of antiquity, in a move that stands out as much Christian domination and theological than that characterized what they pejoratively called 'Middle Ages' as the argument of authority as such, in this re-search that seeks to place the texts and their citations in the historical riciser, to revive in their circumstances the men who wrote. This is one of the senses of hu-manisme that in another sense, painting and sculpture cultivated in the wind love the naked body, details of clothing and de-decoration, paganism-scenes I mentioned. It goes without saying that, boil-culated by this hu-manisme, ch-garde-ism ristia theological dominance, but not without reform. The movement I am trying to evoke, located in the printing of a kind engine, subvert Christianity have now more easily from the Bible in the hands of everyone who can read: from 1517, Luther pro- ; poses the 'book review' of the text Biblical, modern gesture par excellence, and challenged the authority ro-maine. Individualism is born Christian, but under protest. The axis literary in the broadest sense of the word, which was in-core may not be far from Rome, will move to the northern regions, where Europe will [14] . The translation of the Bible that Luther wrote in German is the first major literary work-porary in that language and the translations that we will soon in other languages signal the new focus which is directed to the lan-guages vernacular of future European nations and announce the decline of Latin in writing. Throughout the sixteenth century they wrote the first grammars of these languages, and usa-ges her, before the general and rational grammar centuries conventional question.
The work of Europe: the composition of the landscape of modernity
Three main features of the European Renaissance
The tearing of monotheism
The End of Europe The
-civilization "European miracle" between economics and philosophy
Greece and Europe: similarities and differences
1. A convenient way to address what was the gesture of Eu-rope, is to compare the five crucial centuries of history - Be-tween the fifteenth century when they began to (re) birth and the twentieth where she collapsed in his two wars - the three centuries of classical Greece. Can you com-pare these two civilizations from all the cel-who have devel-oped in the history of human societies? Three traits that are essential ren-tooth plausible reason this comparison sound. a) Both have been then-edge marketing and shipping them, one of the Mediterranean Sea, the other Oceans, walled up in some way to the east and south by large empires (the Persia and Egypt, in one, Islam, the Ot-toman, Russia, in the other), this power, they had to sell them then harder to West, the Roman Empire and the American Empire. b) Both have had a history of incessant internal struggles for hegemony between the above-Greek ties with the same language and same traditions and reli-gious literature, in one between nations of different languages Fe-ent and even religious and literary traditions, in the other, and these struggles have sounded their death knell, the Peloponnesian war there, the two Guer-res world of the 20th century here. c) Both have given the history of humans the only cases that it has been re-demo-cratic regimes, mainly related to slavery and colonialism, even violent relationship and 'blind' to the other barbarous or savage only two have been the source of philosophy and science, they knew fe-cond empires that have dispossessed [1] .
2. There is a clear difference, however, concerning jus-ly philosophy as a gesture of civilization. Certainly, Greece has received goods invaluable in the preceding civilizations, astronomy, the alphabet, counting, techniques, without which the polis would not have been possible. But this great discovery (for us), philosophy, the draft text and rational knowledge, this fabulous ca-deau offered Europe to come, classical Athens was produced at the end of its evolution, on the slope of the decline already too late to use its 'profit' civilizational, since his destiny took him 'out' of Europe in the Roman Empire of the East, Orthodox Christianity [ 2] in the Ottoman Empire until back a century and some to receive of Europe, the F-Con a poor relation, so the processed fruit-tage of the inheritance she had once left. What a strange fate for this 'Greek miracle'! The Eu-rope, by cons, has received too early on, when she was still well-under barbaric as many gold-Byzantine orthodoxy that civilization is-lamique: philosophy and literature ancient Jewish and Christian Bibles, the Roman institutions, all watched over his cradle. And it is as if, once will not hurt, the scriptures re arrived early at any time if the Europeans make their civilization. From a 'miracle' to another, the mid-ror will be reversed: there, the civilizations of democratic philosophy, here, from philosophy to civilization demo-cratic.
3. If you want to use the Marxist terminology here, this would-be to contradict the doctrine: Greek philosophy has re-survey of the superstructure, while in Europe it penetrated the infra-structure, driven by monotheistic theology at the heart of parental reports tee themselves. No doubt farmers and even noble warriors were they illiterate medieval Christianity that does put them at the clerks with a mini-mum-tional doctrinal training, which not only channeled to schools (monasteries and other) kids gifted stu-des, but led people to assimilate the seed of the Bible, with his stories, his stories', and seeds of philosophy, of onto-theo-logy heideggerian terms: one God creator of all-cause, as immortal souls of them in everyone, the vi-lowing and things in general can be 'de-fi-ned', 'inseparable' from their context. These seeds were se-pressed in a land of beneficiary (curse) diction ancestral gifts multi-ples, which probably stood for a long time: the world of saints, angels and demons of religions-popular - Christians Portuguese fights, both against the Christians also Castilian, some on behalf of St. George, others in the name of St. Jacques - the relics, pictures, ri-tual, promises, this proliferation, like pre-monotheistic ( pre-Deuteronomistic) shrines of local and regional-ter appears attesting the survival of a background polytheistic gods barba-tion who have not left Earth, their rituals more or less mingled with those of Christianity monotheistic Official [3] . But the report to the ancestors, the sacred place of anchorage, not least started by monotheism, paradox of his writing (9. 36): first by the violence it initiated the 'conversion' of the tribes and these remnants of the graft religious and by the fact that in Christianity, the pa-rents are the source of the one body of their bé-bies, the soul from God and con-tion directly, as was the baptism in faith;-end, year-Cetra became, in the late 12th century, the sinner souls in purgatory, de- ; baggy alms, penances and prayers of their descendants, victims in need of legal blessings , so to speak, complete reversal of the concept-year-thropo logical ancestor.
4. Let me explain the concept of civilization . It implies that a network-related companies in these a certain geographical area. In societies like the monarchy, as Judah and Greece, these relations become visible in war and in alliances, in marriages between son and daughters of kings which we have seen the Prophets are wary because of the inevitable-able intersections in- ; be myths, not wanting to downstream, but without much knowledge of those already there had always been upstream, known today as the reason his comparison between the cosmologies, for example. The trade was above all that of rare materials and precious, related to the con-struction large royal buildings and / or religious purposes and the luxury of being mo-narchiques [4] , it is mainly the latter cell-exchanging, in particular that relates to di-paid technical writing, arithmetic astro-nomic and reli-gious. This network - rather than desires, wars and trade - which makes visible what each exceeding so-ciety and its tissue-usa ancestral management, more or less differentiated pa-rent but still near the tissue uses of its neighbors. Christianity pre-European that is being described is thus conceived as a local civilization quite common to various com-panies feudal, with their ancestors and languages [5] , their shrines and traditions, their kings and nobles, their interests and desires, their Guer-res always reborn. The Church, somehow coordinated by Rome, is the visible link (monotheist) [6] this civilization, including networks of large monastic orders, the lan-gauge as the language of Latin culture soon Universities and Gold-don beggars. By extending creatively - As di-formerly known as theology and everywhere today - the work of the Co-tracks anonymous binds us an immense debt, the scholastic question - which I celebrated Thomas Aquinas, but every little article of his Summa Theologica marks the intertextual network that weaves its text and should have been so indecently help promote a proper name - the universities therefore give our eyes as the first major work- ; link to what will be the Euro-pean civilization. Emerging from the religion-only daily monotheistic, that is that the few large-fi gures of civilizations have become old-naked as our ancestors, the ancestors precisely de-listed vilis-tion, mixed pell-mell to the year-Cetra lineage of each so-ciety. How important is that one came from Naples, one from Oxford and a third of Cologne, that Columbus was ge-nevois, has learned his craft in navi-ing de-Portuguese and has covered the America Service of Castile, that Galileo was Italian [7] , Des-French cards, Locke and Newton and Leibniz English German. Their work makes them immediately of the ancestors of European civilization-pe-enemies. First it is Europe.
5. The place of philosophy Ontotheology from medieval civilization which Europe is proved after de-incisor especially its role - the 'maid (ancilla ) of theology, no doubt, but it' was this 'domestic service' which gave the concepts constituting the backbone of theology itself - as a teacher in the school and medieval-suite in the European school till now, teaching elementary to upper-Interior: everything about the school say think - definition, con-cepts, arguments, methods - to the philosophical hit that we know it or not, as evidenced by the striking Greek-roots ; question and Latin studded our European languages, such as Hei-Degg calls "the conceptual system European " [8] . It is the work of philosophy: it elaborates concepts or new-ering new possibilities of thinking, acting, living, insti-kill. However, it is good of the infra-tructural, although Marx had thought, because that, as school knowledge, has made possible all-able institutions that Europe has invented: scientific questions, you - ch-ni-nomic, political , legal questions, democratic questions, etc.. So the difference between Greece and Europe is that this one has not fundamentally changed its economic base, agricultural and assuming slavery and military hand (like the Romans in imperial expansion), while the work of Europe consisted precisely in the way in transforming the social landscape, will revolutionize itself from top to bottom, then dragging the others with.
The work of Europe: the composition of the landscape of modernity
6. Indeed, it is in a school in philosophical matrix, university scholastics first, lies the secret of the Eu-ro-pe. It has been said that they were the greatest invention of Europe (W. Market) and I can say as much as Europe is the greatest invention of its universities. For if we want to characterize his gesture to her, in comparison with those of Judah and Greece, it will seu-le-tion the work of some writers, thinkers, scientists, inventors or in-social reformers, nor how it reformulated the philosophical text, or the invention of physical and chemical crumb alliance with the technique and the machine. The gesture of Europe is indeed linked to this, but it wraps them in something that, in the history of humans, has only one parallel and anonymous-le-le, the Neolithic revolution was at the origin of society to May-sounds: the social landscape itself, society as a tissue constituent, who were upset. Civilization com-panies in homes and church monotheistic has changed in the civilization-sa-tion of institutions and companies families: this is what deserves the name of revolution [9] , non-national or social point, but its civilization-tion trend in global or universal.
7. We can briefly characterize the modern institution as a portion bounded and con-trout territory, organized-posed as calendars and Horai-res set according to specialized activi-ties (that's modernity) that, in very general terms, we refer to as "La-bour 'or' job '. These activities are carried out by a popula-tion of agents, organized according to their abilities so hierarchical. The institu-tion is also defined by its reproduction (as a tendency, at least) throughout several generations of agents and that this specialized activities have no purpose but self-sufficient, while on the contrary, receiving her out while they need for functions, they are also es-tially bound to produce ef-fects beyond the limits of their territory, whether commercial paper, to administra-tion that political, educational or other, so-creative types read or not. In all this, they oppose autarchy houses of yesteryear, and assumed therefore feels a net-so-cial kinship separate, which provides their agents, already adults. This is one of the most extraordinary effects nai-ing the revolution, before which, in any so-ciety patriarchal, the pa-rent was unit with the economy in the homes, these alliances-insurance Rant social fabric decisive is the only economy, become gigantic, gilt-nbefore which guarantees the social fabric itself, and the modern so-ciety is the fabric of institutions (private and public), the order of the kinship network becoming detached, what we call the family (for what-we invented the local residential: apartments in re-buckets im-furniture). It is more like May-sounds of yesteryear, a genea-logy patriarchal Ancestors [10] who traded his wives, but the compound (present or ephemeral) of a neck-ple and children. Two institutions connect these two networks: school, which ensures the transition of families to institutions, giving them the knowledge base necessary to operate them, market, which spills out to the families (and between institutions also) the products of institutions, they need to breed, they pay with the salaries received from institutions, without which the market could not function. Social ties (the frame-work nation-state) be established, will tighten the turn-network institutional, primary purpose of all the worries of powers, while the die-che-ta-tion of the kinship networks will be-la-ne more tasks, extra-tible of openness and of liberation, critical of his that have not stopped shaking fami-lies (nuclear, it is said) [11] , garlic-in different ways according to their the epochs and classified its so-cia-on: women's work in the new institutions, fe-mini-me, the extension di-vorce, sexual liberation-ing them (as homo-hetero-), seizure of mo-tions and religions, and so on: it's the end of patriarchy.
8. Then there is another new modern individuals, we have difficulty understanding how this is something that no other civilization has ever known. The people of the house depended in one way total or totalitarian father's home and his will for their work, food, subsistence, social position, or for their recreation, but the father house itself has no social value other than its May-sound, lig-nage which he named (as an honor, that is to say an inheritance-tage and therefore an obligation) . In the ancient world the word freedom has almost no meaning. Any other individual is the modern, defined by different brands: the difference between the family he is born and nurtured, where he resides, and the institution where he works on a limited number of hours per day (not fully taxable neither one nor the other), salary money that makes him the freedom to buy-ter as it wants to diversify and hence aesthetics its residential this, the passage through eco-it, giving each a glo-bal cultural knowledge necessary for its circulation as a citizen of specialization and expertise, necessary for its entry into the employment of an institution, insurance, by part of its nation-state, its human rights and citizen.
9. Development in Europe of the school, making it accessible to everyone in general the process of its subjectification - vocational, cultural and civic life - the process thus its free-dom, is linked to the parallel development of printing (since the fifteenth century) and the press (since the seventeenth century) and the two were behind the formation of public opinion in major cities in each nation-state, which had a decisive role, with move-ments poli-cies of great violence in the gradual formation of democratic regimes my question moder-ties. Democracy is a structural dimension of the landscape on the mo-European dernité . It is the way - both ethical (in respect of free-dom of citizens) and rational (in the organiza-tion of the debate reasoned opinions do) - the cheapest possi-ble to organize socially and politically-ing this network of institutions which is a civil-posed. It presupposes, therefore: first that the social fabric has become the network of modern institutions, including exchanges are done according to the rationality of the market, that is to say, the specialization and Money on the other hand are that generalize the process of subjectification (school) and individualisation (Employment and-lar) and the consequential formation of a public [12] .
10. We will try to mention how the Ontotheology (dimension of philosophical monotheism), after the double se-preparation , biblical God and philosophical definition, has made possible the physical and chemical sciences and So the art modern, separate return, had the major role in the OEU-tinue to Europe in the composition of the landscape of modernity. It is part of the his philosophical re-Eu-rope that will be read in its report Structural rel to the history of the con-struction of the Euro-pe as shown vilis modern.
Three main features of the European Renaissance
11. Between Occam and the Europeans, there was the Renaissance of Europe, if not his birth, his baptism. It was the Greeks who gave the name of one of his muses to this 'Asian peninsula', which they knew could not be much more than the existence to their far northwest, but it is scholars remained a name and it does not seem to have become common before the sixteenth century, where it is found in Erasmus, Camões and Tasso, probably in connection with the disclosure of printing and writing in languages worm-naculaires new nations being born, but also recast the image of the world in maps. It could therefore be a re-birth name: Europe who reads begins to identify itself vis-à-vis a world that is much larger than we previously believed. In re-te-ing the year-born 1450-1520 as pivotal years, we could discern three lines of force.
12. a) In 1450, Gutenberg invented the printing or typographical graphy and Development this technique of writing is as fast-tion until 1520 almost no one more manuscripts transcribed [13] . The movement initiated by Petrarch philological-that (1304-1374) - his desire to find the authentic text of Cicero in the game of its variants manual, dawn of the textual criticisms of the nineteenth century - will assert progressive-ing as re-turn to the ancient pagan tradition beyond the school-last-and that will be strongly scattered by the disclosure of li-tinue im-pressed and by the end of the copyists. Petrarch but not focusing on the enormous CUPE that text, it also seeks to find the 'force' and'in-dividualité 'the great orator Latin: Renaissance will continue this search for' men 'of antiquity, in a move that stands out as much Christian domination and theological than that characterized what they pejoratively called 'Middle Ages' as the argument of authority as such, in this re-search that seeks to place the texts and their citations in the historical riciser, to revive in their circumstances the men who wrote. This is one of the senses of hu-manisme that in another sense, painting and sculpture cultivated in the wind love the naked body, details of clothing and de-decoration, paganism-scenes I mentioned. It goes without saying that, boil-culated by this hu-manisme, ch-garde-ism ristia theological dominance, but not without reform. The movement I am trying to evoke, located in the printing of a kind engine, subvert Christianity have now more easily from the Bible in the hands of everyone who can read: from 1517, Luther pro- ; poses the 'book review' of the text Biblical, modern gesture par excellence, and challenged the authority ro-maine. Individualism is born Christian, but under protest. The axis literary in the broadest sense of the word, which was in-core may not be far from Rome, will move to the northern regions, where Europe will [14] . The translation of the Bible that Luther wrote in German is the first major literary work-porary in that language and the translations that we will soon in other languages signal the new focus which is directed to the lan-guages vernacular of future European nations and announce the decline of Latin in writing. Throughout the sixteenth century they wrote the first grammars of these languages, and usa-ges her, before the general and rational grammar centuries conventional question.
E viu-se a terra Inteira, de repente / do arise redonda azul Profuna --- do "
(Fernando Pessoa) [15]
13. b) In 1450, the Portuguese caravels, under the direction of Henry the Navigator (d. 1460), have already arrived on the coast of Guinea, in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias double by South Africa in 1492 Christopher Columbus arrives at what one is self-ra British but not American, in 1498 Vasco da Gama rear-ve in India by the African sea. The movement of De-covered end with the trip Fernão de Magalhães (1519-1522) touring the world and finally prove, experimentally, the sphericity of the Earth (Copernicus makes plausible-ing). The experi-anything-that control everything in these new worlds that we give to the attention of the world, worlds of knowledge as [16] . These are the instruments of observation water far from shore, the new-geographies and maps, the new calves stars in the hemisphere south, the new species and a few botanical zoological questions, new low-peoples and their customs and beliefs others. So many things to con-nai-be that the ancients knew little, that their books do not teach, which are only given the experience with the re adventurous of knowledge. The quarrel of his see-through experience con-be know by the authority of elders is already that of a Pe-Duarte Pacheco RIAS-na vigateur Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, long before de- come that a Gali-Lee.
14. c) The third base line occupies the whole of the Renaissance, but we can identify exemplary fashion in the life of Leonardo da Vinci, born in 1452 and died in 1519, as if made expressly for fit into the period I have chosen. In the vast and legendary variety of interests, two seem to me to focus on, those of the artist and those of the in-neer: what brings them together, beam-master of the Renaissance, the new relationship between vision and hands [17] the graph as the representation space. Whether the prospect - Fri [18] - painters, sculptors and architects - that Da Vinci geometrically, measurements and proportions and their regu-rules, whether Anatomy and bo-tannic or mapping marine and terrestrial, whether in-core machines varied in all cases it is Rap-ter vision in hand, it 's acts of inscription space in the drawings. N'ou us not forget that the Renaissance was a time of great mechanical invention: high furnaces for smelting iron, system connecting rod-crank and pedals various machines, pumps, suction and compression, machine rolling and manufacturing of wire, from the mill to make silk and art to low, and so away: the essential machinery and engre-na-management described in Encyclopœdie of Diderot and d'Alembert have been inventions of the Renaissance, who has missed the use of new energy-gies-strategies The steam engine, the engine of the future in industrialization. These are the people of the Renaissance-Enco re-sale in which the idea of automation, with this already implies that, if you will, a physical which is more physical than the Greek . And also the idea of regulating various gears (grandfather clock from the fourteenth century), which we will triumph in the mechanical engineers of the nineteenth century cians and their huge factories, large-sized machines with belts the move-ment of a single motor to the shafts of several machines.
15. That these years have been true years hinges, one of those periods in Western history where those that live feel of a dazzling turn of civilization, this is the Attis-te Milanese mathematician and physician-Gero Lamo Cardano (1501-1576), in praising, in sound-spelling-Tobio De propria vita "Among the natural wonders-rels, the first and most rare is that I am born in this cen-tury when the earth was de-roofed, while the ancients there little knowledge saient over a third. [...] The knowledge has expanded. What is more wonderful than the arty-Lérie this deadly lightning much more dangerous than the Gods [...]? [...] Add to this the invention of the im-printing company, conceived by the minds of men, realistic-lized by their hands, that can compete with the miracles di-wines. What are we missing if he still take possession of heaven? " [19] . Artillery - which will fire between European nations-in-nemies ties, raise the absolute monarchies and help them win temporal power that ecclesiastical - the printed-me-laugh-ventions and minds-and-hands of men in riva-ity with divine miracles, men to conquer the skies, the as-tronomy first, then the philosophy, techno-lo-gy finally in our century, we could read-in for this kind praise prophecy of Europe's birth-health, not speculation in Christianity as the previous one, but registra-tion and ra-tional, civilizing like Greece, but from where it could not go.
14. c) The third base line occupies the whole of the Renaissance, but we can identify exemplary fashion in the life of Leonardo da Vinci, born in 1452 and died in 1519, as if made expressly for fit into the period I have chosen. In the vast and legendary variety of interests, two seem to me to focus on, those of the artist and those of the in-neer: what brings them together, beam-master of the Renaissance, the new relationship between vision and hands [17] the graph as the representation space. Whether the prospect - Fri [18] - painters, sculptors and architects - that Da Vinci geometrically, measurements and proportions and their regu-rules, whether Anatomy and bo-tannic or mapping marine and terrestrial, whether in-core machines varied in all cases it is Rap-ter vision in hand, it 's acts of inscription space in the drawings. N'ou us not forget that the Renaissance was a time of great mechanical invention: high furnaces for smelting iron, system connecting rod-crank and pedals various machines, pumps, suction and compression, machine rolling and manufacturing of wire, from the mill to make silk and art to low, and so away: the essential machinery and engre-na-management described in Encyclopœdie of Diderot and d'Alembert have been inventions of the Renaissance, who has missed the use of new energy-gies-strategies The steam engine, the engine of the future in industrialization. These are the people of the Renaissance-Enco re-sale in which the idea of automation, with this already implies that, if you will, a physical which is more physical than the Greek . And also the idea of regulating various gears (grandfather clock from the fourteenth century), which we will triumph in the mechanical engineers of the nineteenth century cians and their huge factories, large-sized machines with belts the move-ment of a single motor to the shafts of several machines.
15. That these years have been true years hinges, one of those periods in Western history where those that live feel of a dazzling turn of civilization, this is the Attis-te Milanese mathematician and physician-Gero Lamo Cardano (1501-1576), in praising, in sound-spelling-Tobio De propria vita "Among the natural wonders-rels, the first and most rare is that I am born in this cen-tury when the earth was de-roofed, while the ancients there little knowledge saient over a third. [...] The knowledge has expanded. What is more wonderful than the arty-Lérie this deadly lightning much more dangerous than the Gods [...]? [...] Add to this the invention of the im-printing company, conceived by the minds of men, realistic-lized by their hands, that can compete with the miracles di-wines. What are we missing if he still take possession of heaven? " [19] . Artillery - which will fire between European nations-in-nemies ties, raise the absolute monarchies and help them win temporal power that ecclesiastical - the printed-me-laugh-ventions and minds-and-hands of men in riva-ity with divine miracles, men to conquer the skies, the as-tronomy first, then the philosophy, techno-lo-gy finally in our century, we could read-in for this kind praise prophecy of Europe's birth-health, not speculation in Christianity as the previous one, but registra-tion and ra-tional, civilizing like Greece, but from where it could not go.
The tearing of monotheism
16. Christianity is broken into two halves, one of which will tend to fragment according to language and / or nations, the other 'cons-ming reforms' so monolithic as a bastion of Catholic resistance. That is to say that Christianity is giving way to European Christianity: if Christians have, in principle, the Biblical text that in common, they do not live with less opposition, that is theoretical - some read the Others keep the Bible that closed-in Latin and replace them with strong anti-catechisms Protestants - or practice - in the liturgy, in worship or not saints and not the denial or indulgences, in the organization ec-clésiastique, some iron-ming convents, others cannot and strength-creating semi-nai-res, multiplying the Inquisition in Eu-rope Latin South. Can we still speak of monotheism, mono? Opposition also ni-economic level, following the quarrel of indulgences, the negation of theological purgatory [20] and closing monasteries, much of the expense-creates his [21] as back- born circa capitalist invest-ment, 'blessed' by Calvin (Weber). And between the two adversaries Christians ap-pears a new skepticism - viste and individualistic subjectivism par excellence, natural child of the exam-free men and the Great Schism - who believes neither the one nor the other, which certainly Me-who would become methodical, will have all-new way to ta-tasks-gies of the knowl-edge and thought, made possible by the differentiation of pa-radigme of Christianity, the meta-re clôtu -social beliefs, such as if the sky had been torn into two halves. What astronomy will confirm soon another side repeaters the per-turbation and skepticism: it is not only the so-Leil is now stopped and the earth round round round him and of itself, is the earth itself becomes a very did. That is to say that among the people cultivated the land enters into the sky and abolishes the old op-position between two worlds, that of the movement perfect, extra-tible of mathematics, from above and that of change and physis or nature, those who are born and die-rent, to low. Newton is that will make astronomy and physics Velle new one science. This will be the se-cond blow in Monotheism, since it is the mythical source of the separation that is so, law, put into question. But dou-ble blow: the new physics, an astro-physics, will link the two effects, the critical se-preparation heavenly / earthly one hand and, on the other, the technique, which receives, through philosophy, the status of a 'separate'. It happens.
17. Luther thus reinforce reading and criticized the attitude that the li-ber review Scripture and the world to know, prepara-rent classical philosophy, the methodical doubt that resurrects Rene. The universal God will redial up to Kant, with uni-versal reason: that is to say the reason that reads and thinks, and, from this thought, questions the perception that sees 'objects' . These new 'subjects', delivered to the re-elaboration of knowledge, the pen-posed, knowledge, become philosophical theme, too, as if to understand the passion, speed the arrival of new ; new ideas and experiences, pushing necessarily the reason to the 'subjectification' sound, like that of science, objectivity VAIT 'rational objects. It is in this place twice - which is the same, says Heidegger, as if it were aware of the etymological spelling strategies, the ob-jectum science 'throwing' 'cons' (ob -) its sub-jec-tum, the object as object to subject - in this place where ra-tio double-your-nalis and empiricists oppose noisily that philosophy becomes independent of theology: the representation is a theme-phi-cal Loso, presence of the object in the subject, which (as reported in the world) replaces the soul (in relation to God) [22] . If I am right in what I said earlier, it was the inscription, writing and drawing, art and technical that both, who implemented the representation but is made explicit: the repre-senta-tion, it would be ignorant as the inscription inscriptions, registration is re-presented as thought-ta-tion of ob-jects, without atten-tion to the hand-ins ty-po-crit Chart texts, which the sine-designs and geographical maps, which meets the ta-bles taxonomic that organic is the ex-lapse -tions [23] .
18. We thus find two sources [24] to the idea as mental representation: civilization, the modern proliferation of inscriptions, and philosophically, from the 'name mental' occamien convey the universality of the single substances, via in-Suarez on until Descartes. It is thus a fic-tion, like the soul in Plato: one might indeed think it is, the turn-ing the sixteenth to the seventeenth century, some experience of li-Berater of thought parallel to that of the turn of the fifth to the fourth century BC, made possible in the margins of the city by the abundance of manuscripts: the soul per-placed to leave the context of sensible things and climb to a broad vision - a theôrein, a re-gard-economic panorama: seeing (- Orao ) all things (pan-) -, as the bishop praised the philo-tion in the Theaetetus Pla-tone: "[...] Is that real-ing his body alone is present and se-Journe in the city, while his thought, all this astounding con-[intrigue, charges, meetings, banquets] with disdain as things Mesqui-ties and worthless, while walk-through flight, as Pindar said, sounding the depths of the earth and measuring the extent of its surface [geometry], continuing the stars across the sky [astronomy] scanning anyway all nature and all beings as a whole, never stoop to what is near him "(174b, trans. Chambry). Something similar has probably happened to this new turn, the contrast between the episteme of the Renaissance and that of the classical period was clearly shown by Foucault [25] : as if abundance of printed and will rieti progressive interests, drawings and experi-ences, all these inscriptions had freed the boldest readers of 'lectio' school, co-mmentaire texts and are as the main source of thought, free from the 'language of the School' (The term is pejorative in Descartes and 'scholastic'). As if these vari-ous interests, new things to think and know, to imagine and experience to do their jumping your contexts, both of usa-daily as records management, gag-chemotherapeutic agents which-autonomy, evidence , clarity and distinction, in short, as if the el-be-naient of 'ideas' [26] . The criterion of truth that is so moved, nor the authority of the Ancients (or so the theologians, the Magisterium church), rather obviously glaring clear and distinct ideas whose Cogito remains the great example, even the act of liberation. Impossible without the work-able definition of centuries, these ideas - 'images', or better, re-presentations of objects that fill the soul and thus the body away from his place in the world (Descartes) - are by definition without context, ideas that come to mind, that we exchange, we discussed, which is subjected to experimentation, which is written under the new lo-cal analysis and the synthe-se. The soul-who-think thus gains a new stature: turned increasingly to the changing world, the world to change, it become-dra - throughout the classical period, 17th and 18th centuries - 'subject' ideas re-populated with objects, ideas to link be-tween them by relations of reason. Without this freedom of pen-off service contexts, to think of ideas 'universal', over and there would not have this broad movement toward the comparison of the structures of plant and animal anatomy, to Thurs grammatical and logical complements in complex sentences, to question the logic of exchange, contracts, production of wealth [27] , there would be no science. Including physics, extending the re-vo-lution of astronomy by Copernicus, will be the pioneer.
The End of Europe-civilization
19. If I used the convenience of the Year 1450 for his birth place, we could take the year of 1950 [28] as convenient date for the term of this modern Europe, victim-cen five centuries later his two great wars [29] , excesses of the so-called ideological e - se well-dressed, modern, alas! - An abstract representation nationalist wanting to pure, strong, who re-pand mad exterminator, so that Nazism was sui-cided Europe; which, on the other hand, was divided between East and West the east by a repre-senta-tion universalist abstract thinking himself able to control everything in the human world, his reason too atheist, that is to say, ab-so-read, how totalitarian the Inquisition . While the pagan folly, the country which was the Athens of Europe throughout the 19th century, has accomplished what we know - what we can not sa-see, what to say, there no words, because the excess of possible human experience - on the Jewish people, including hunting outside Spain and Portugal had been among the events inaugural-lateral 'of Europe. This death-civilization of Europe is distinguished by Enco re-demonstration, outside the home, the character of its deadly physical science: the atomic bomb was created by scientists-European, thrown out of the Americans on Asians, civilian populations killed like ants. We could bring the 'de-made' Europe's con-lig-sized welt of mistresses that we designed. The printed Merie gave the top spot it has occupied for five centuries-oped to images of audio-visual. The discoveries of the past have been per-co-decolonization, exploitation and even slavery small-little peoples 'de-covered', and years 50 and 60 were those of their de-co- ; loni-tion systematic Europe which have the CE-der to one of its former colonies domination of the oceans, and that any recent tunes. The Revolution will be astronomically consecrated by the space adventure and the ar-rival of Apollo to the moon, what Eu-rope was made possible not having been made by her. The in-fighting ceased for the hegemony be-tween European nations has been the rule for all these centuries and now sells-ing to the space com-mon market and the cur-rency, perhaps a day of politics. The rupture of Christianity ends in safety and in-larisa déchristiani-sa-tion mas-sive, that is to say in the death of Mono-Theis-me. Humanism is replaced by the technology and media-tion and becomes a discourse moral and political rights (human hands, ecology, etc.). Who are sagum to repair the ravages of te-ch-No- ; logy. In the perspective and proportions of the figures meet both their proliferation in-challenge-nie and trivialized in photography and film and their challenge-gu-ration in abstract art. The repre-sen-tation and 'it' subjects cè-tooth philosophies announced Nietz-che, which Freud's and Hei-Degg Deleuze and Derrida, deconstruction gradually consolidated what was so pe-ni-ably built by Europe. What is being Renai-be, we do not yet soaps sa-say, but it seems that this is something else. Sometimes we think it can be monstrous.
The "European miracle" between economics and philosophy
20. Maybe setting the contrast between Europe and Japan may allow it to broaden the discussion: why only Europe and not any of the great Asian civilizations, China, India, the Ottoman Empire, which were at its height, if not more developed in the late 15th century, modernization has successfully industrialized tee? A 1981 book, the economic historian EL Jones [30] leads the comparison between these four main historical regions from 1400 to 1800, by calling geographical con-text and political conditions on par-ticular market: it's called The European Miracle, and it is not inappropriate, because his last sentence is this: "the development of a very long time Europe seems a miracle. If there had been a week-lar development in Asia, it would have been a supermiracle. And 20 years later, the introduction réeitère before the final word ("there is still much to do" in this "comparative economic history"): "looking good, maybe there is something supernatural cension did in Europe ". The word 'miracle' in a meticulous scientific signifi-lous-trust defeat to the analysis: there, there are many factors of partial explanation, but we do not know how to collect a satisfactory manner. Now it happens that the author is perhaps too strict in the range of factors 'economic' he holds, the most shocking is that he does not consider the comparison between the sys-d 'ATTENDING-ment, never speaks of the medieval universities, its referendum is books only for their business, not their content ('reason', for example, logic, science, grammar [31] , not to speak of philosophy). And another thing more astonishing in-core: never mentioned is the formation of a middle class - as she is focused almost all factors of progress (trade, science, technology) in their care - and therefore the historical reasons for its formation in Western Europe and not in the great Asian civilizations. The title of the book you just read are "Bible and philosophy in the construction of Europe"; without claiming that my arguments replace his own, without claiming a philosophical reading (admittedly, Rap-ment methods civilizations: the gesture) may be competition to that of economists, I wonder if it does for would-be supplemented by the considerations I have suggested. It would be necessary, of course, that these considerations could be incorporated in my b-objects is analyzed historical (schools and books, what they cared, what developments there had in school-based programs and in the catalogs of publishers, for example) and articulated with the economic data say. It may happen paradoxically to undo, by considerations which include the Mono-theism itself, the com-position of God and his death, the character 'mid-raculeux' of this case not-sive.
21. If one reads the three similarities between Greece and Europe and their difference (11. 3-6), the beam is to offer reasons of modernity: a) what Jones calls the state system (aggressive) with a ' culture, common, b) sea trade, c) critical thinking and democratic, d) Greek Judeo Christian tradition as a legacy of Europe. Without doubt, it is not involved in Greece: there is still significant that it was a kind of miniature of Europe, and we also often speaks of 'Greek miracle' [32] . These are the points a) and b) are subject to economic analysis that detailed comparative c) and d) are assumed, while the technological invention that has led to industry remains the mystery: "[ ...] persistent trend for the introduction of technological innova-tions-logical origin of this trend is not clear "(Introd. second edi-tion, p. 32). However, among the three major traits of the Renaissance I rete-nu, the first two overlapping d) and b) and third, the new report vision / hand, retains the technology (and also the essential difference between European science and the Greek, namely the ex-periment as technical as the laboratory).
22. So how to articulate my reasoning argu-ta-tion type rather philosophical with the economic analysis of Jo-ties, as much as possible? I will leave the industrial revolution in reverse. If we had not invented the steam engine or electricity, that would be Europe? Companies such old-governed me, probably not much more developed than those of Asian empires, contacts with them continuing to be very distant. Question: What has enabled these two inven-tions? This is the pile of Volta (1800) which allowed the electric current and all experimentation that made possible the theoretical physics of elec-tro-magnetism. Although Gram, a former Belgian menusier-Fri-tor in the dynamo, "first-gen nérateur DC com-mercially available in 1870" (Landes 1975, 391-2), a process for the empirical form It is undeniable that it was not possible in the context of theoretical physics he knew. The same reasoning applies to J. Watt: the theory of physics machine will fear, thermodynamics, has been invention Wu a hundred years later, does not invalidate that Watt was a civil servant physics laboratory, with the head, eyes and hands of a physicist at the laboratory, it did nothing outside the context of science [33] . It was, in both cases, before experimentation laboratoriale theory, which was often the case in European history of science, to epochs where paradigms were still undeveloped, so to say. Therefore, the re-volution in-dustrial has was only possible because of the emergence of physics with Galileo, Newton and many of the very-gold, they are not historically understandable without the medieval universities. My argu-men-ta-tion about the "paradox of Galilee" was a way to articular l the game of biblical separation from God and those who made the de-finish in Plato and Aristotle, forma-tion of monotheism Me-aeval, then resumed his-Acts of Thomas Aquinas and Occam for this science - its 'ideas' and the Laboratory - has been possible 'without mid-scraper' in a very lengthy history and a lot of randomness, including what some of them geniuses, and his followers the technological revolution as capitalism. Alas, it is likely that this whole argu-ment is more or less unreadable by an economic historian, who are time that "the ground-the material issues is stronger" than "pure history ideas "(p. 30). But he will agree to agree that is something that is decisive for the contrast with Asians: we saw the Japanese complain to Hei-Degg (§ 7).
23. One may wonder if there is not a notable absentee in the analysis of Jones, who can make a certain unity to the various factors he identified: the bourgeois classes. He contrasts so very enlightening, the state system in Europe (where he never had an empire lasting from the 5th century) to the Asian empires of China, India and Turkey. Reasons of geographical context (agricultural areas very Rees-fertile surrounded barriers - mountains or dense forests - were at the heart of the major United Na-tions [34] ) this difference in explanation, which the other of these empires was a duality between the abyssal class warriors and those of the peasants, those who have other interests than ever to loot the agricultural surpluses or other wealth to live in a 'luxury asia-tick', as they say , that they have the largest number of children for a work-in Vail still lacks manpower. Trade is over-all luxury goods and merchants which become rich will never be safe nor their heirs, not to attract con-forfeiture arbitrary emperors, which "did not want to submit no-laient the law nor pro-posed legislation im-biased to their subjects "(p. 61). However, trade de-veloped in a divided Europe and with lots of hills and my maritime-navigable rivers was large amounts of mar-commodification common interest of kings being the tax rather than to confiscate and 'in Finally [35] . But also, I think he, the republics were Italians, the ports of the Hanseatic League, Amsterdam and Antwerp, which were the origin of this wholesale trade, because the government-ers did not as-sez land, the trade issue outside their home was their main cause of taxable income. It is also in these cities that the bank network grew, the credentials, that is to say money is signed, assuming also an agreement (monotheist?) Of civilization in this 'credit' in the signature of people who were strangers not at all. Jones noted very juice-ment "-ing the appearance of a European spirit in the bourgeoi-sie, the in-verse of the conventional vi-sion, which saw the broadcast from a UK particularly creative, develop-ment lop-pe-Commercial and Industrial had its roots in these net-works inter-na-tional commercial houses "(p. 198).
24. However, this difference - between the aristocracy on the one hand warriors, with the clergy and more, living on the surplus land and other farmers who cultivated - also existed in the Middle Ages. The first does not work-ing their hands, without the bourgeoisie n'au it would have been no-trade or technology. Jones noted how these surpluses have allowed the Crusades and the con-struction of cat-cathedrals, but seems to forget, to contrast with Asia, and develop-ment of towns and the university. I pretended, in glo-ing Market (these were the greatest invention of Europe), that Europe is the greatest invention of its universities. Not that they have 'done' Europe, which is especially re-bourgeoisie 'invented', that is to say trans-mitted the creative spirit of scientific invention (and possibly fomites the invention also te-chnological). Taking into account that criticized how the Protestant indulgences and convents meant the end of the medieval ecclesiastical economy and inter-pretation of the relationship between the Weberian Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism must therefore understand another decisive factor in the industrialization it was essentially the Protestant countries of Eu-rope in West and North, the only important excep-tion of France and commercial cities of the cia-Flanders and Northern Italy. Literacy due to the role of play-ture of the Bi-ble (11. 34), along with the Jews, indeed, being among the decisive factors of modernity, it seems likely that the "free exam- ; men "Lutheran (which will echo the" methodical doubt "Cartesian) is one of the keys to the spirit criticized and that in-ventive. We can take these various historical factors, besides those relating to geography, through their effects in the formation of the Protestant bourgeoisie [38] who carried the bulk of extra-process of development which, since the Commons of the 12th and 13th centuries and their universities, since this great revival of his hands in history that has given itself the name of Renais-san is, since the invention of physics and philosophy of sub-jects and social contracts, resulted in the industrial and political revolution in the last quarter of 18th century.
25. One way to tell the nice side effect of the analysis of Jones, it would be-that it is Europe that made up the story, that companies asia-ticks were not historical, despite their knowledge of the Scrip-ture: that is what we mean by stagnation. And so the compar-ison with them is also a confirmation of my way to tell the work of Europe, landscape composition of the mo-dernité. We could possibly find a way to check the connection of Heidegger on "the European conceptual system" ing the design that I proposed on the historical weight, quasi-material, writing, text phi-losophy: it would draw up a list of my current b-to-the Greek root or tine which have been subject to philosophical debates and definitions, whether in the Middle Ages or in Eu-rope classic then take some samples of dis-course of various ty-pes of contemporary institutions and elimi-there undermine these terms to see if retain the sense or if the holes were de-structed. Is this a scientific way may be required into account by a historian of the economy?
26. But we could also try to com-pare with the same dis-course types of institutions in Japan, China, India, in Islam, how these terms are either absent or work-products, either become neologisms, through-out as is or adapted-tees. In a more general F-Con, perhaps it would be possible to ask the question what part of 'separation' - compared to clôtu-res-year anthropology of ethnic societies in which they were read - had the Large text Buddhism, and Confucionisme-tres, as happened in Judah (Judaism), Greece (Hellenic body) and Eu-rope after the Renaissance and the printing-Series (humanism). This may be more difficult, but could reveals to an attempt of some use-ve for dialogue between cultures intended to rencon-born-TRERE increasingly in the future, or to interfere to each other: because these texts were probably cool effects to these civilizations from which they benefit at-RONT to resist the leveling effect of the industrial and media sorts, to reconcile modernity with their traditions. It is also urgent in Europe, of course.
27. Either as a postscript. Aldo Schiavone ( History broken. Ancient Rome and the Modern West , Belin, 2003) takes up this comparison of Western modernity but with the Roman Empire, wondering why there were there a breaking story the disaster of Pan Western Empire, why it did not pursue it, continuously, the route of the mo-dernité. "Why economic civilization Western social and she had to be built through a relationship also tor-nected with and distant past with old re-devel if, instead of being its immediate development? "(p. 199). Ancient Rome and the modern West are "[...] two worlds apart, separated by a res insurmountable qualitative difference, which refers to the strata of men-tality, habits, behavior of material conditions and cultural forces whose lines of di-ver-gent radically " (P. 200). The ap-proach is more daring in terms of approach (where Jones is too empiricist taste for non-Anglo-Saxon), also cannot explain more, beyond the savings-tarciques small houses, the great commerce to lon-gue distance - the cereal-, wine, oil, manufacturing di-to-person concerned and in all layers of urban social - depends essen-tial-tion policy, that is to say of war: land conquered and exploited, rich, vain of his cus- looted, the slaves became Cape tured labor in the production of LVL-Fundia, mining and manu-bill. The stability of this system - it lasted from the first part of the third century BC. BC until the middle of deu-ond century AD. JC (p. 67) - is the very originality: there is no "eco-nomic sphere" (p. 46) independent, not free labor (the re-wages is stigmatized), no "middle classes" (pp. 96, 119), economic growth stopped when there were no more conquests to do (pp. 73, 222). The second part of the long chapter on "the slaves, nature, machines" shows how this system was "blocked" by an "abyss", a "fault" between knowledge-based and cross-training nature ". This is the way donty was overcome this flaw or deep, this separation, we tried to focus here, following the text on the construction and deconstruction of Monotheism Europe.
16. Christianity is broken into two halves, one of which will tend to fragment according to language and / or nations, the other 'cons-ming reforms' so monolithic as a bastion of Catholic resistance. That is to say that Christianity is giving way to European Christianity: if Christians have, in principle, the Biblical text that in common, they do not live with less opposition, that is theoretical - some read the Others keep the Bible that closed-in Latin and replace them with strong anti-catechisms Protestants - or practice - in the liturgy, in worship or not saints and not the denial or indulgences, in the organization ec-clésiastique, some iron-ming convents, others cannot and strength-creating semi-nai-res, multiplying the Inquisition in Eu-rope Latin South. Can we still speak of monotheism, mono? Opposition also ni-economic level, following the quarrel of indulgences, the negation of theological purgatory [20] and closing monasteries, much of the expense-creates his [21] as back- born circa capitalist invest-ment, 'blessed' by Calvin (Weber). And between the two adversaries Christians ap-pears a new skepticism - viste and individualistic subjectivism par excellence, natural child of the exam-free men and the Great Schism - who believes neither the one nor the other, which certainly Me-who would become methodical, will have all-new way to ta-tasks-gies of the knowl-edge and thought, made possible by the differentiation of pa-radigme of Christianity, the meta-re clôtu -social beliefs, such as if the sky had been torn into two halves. What astronomy will confirm soon another side repeaters the per-turbation and skepticism: it is not only the so-Leil is now stopped and the earth round round round him and of itself, is the earth itself becomes a very did. That is to say that among the people cultivated the land enters into the sky and abolishes the old op-position between two worlds, that of the movement perfect, extra-tible of mathematics, from above and that of change and physis or nature, those who are born and die-rent, to low. Newton is that will make astronomy and physics Velle new one science. This will be the se-cond blow in Monotheism, since it is the mythical source of the separation that is so, law, put into question. But dou-ble blow: the new physics, an astro-physics, will link the two effects, the critical se-preparation heavenly / earthly one hand and, on the other, the technique, which receives, through philosophy, the status of a 'separate'. It happens.
17. Luther thus reinforce reading and criticized the attitude that the li-ber review Scripture and the world to know, prepara-rent classical philosophy, the methodical doubt that resurrects Rene. The universal God will redial up to Kant, with uni-versal reason: that is to say the reason that reads and thinks, and, from this thought, questions the perception that sees 'objects' . These new 'subjects', delivered to the re-elaboration of knowledge, the pen-posed, knowledge, become philosophical theme, too, as if to understand the passion, speed the arrival of new ; new ideas and experiences, pushing necessarily the reason to the 'subjectification' sound, like that of science, objectivity VAIT 'rational objects. It is in this place twice - which is the same, says Heidegger, as if it were aware of the etymological spelling strategies, the ob-jectum science 'throwing' 'cons' (ob -) its sub-jec-tum, the object as object to subject - in this place where ra-tio double-your-nalis and empiricists oppose noisily that philosophy becomes independent of theology: the representation is a theme-phi-cal Loso, presence of the object in the subject, which (as reported in the world) replaces the soul (in relation to God) [22] . If I am right in what I said earlier, it was the inscription, writing and drawing, art and technical that both, who implemented the representation but is made explicit: the repre-senta-tion, it would be ignorant as the inscription inscriptions, registration is re-presented as thought-ta-tion of ob-jects, without atten-tion to the hand-ins ty-po-crit Chart texts, which the sine-designs and geographical maps, which meets the ta-bles taxonomic that organic is the ex-lapse -tions [23] .
18. We thus find two sources [24] to the idea as mental representation: civilization, the modern proliferation of inscriptions, and philosophically, from the 'name mental' occamien convey the universality of the single substances, via in-Suarez on until Descartes. It is thus a fic-tion, like the soul in Plato: one might indeed think it is, the turn-ing the sixteenth to the seventeenth century, some experience of li-Berater of thought parallel to that of the turn of the fifth to the fourth century BC, made possible in the margins of the city by the abundance of manuscripts: the soul per-placed to leave the context of sensible things and climb to a broad vision - a theôrein, a re-gard-economic panorama: seeing (- Orao ) all things (pan-) -, as the bishop praised the philo-tion in the Theaetetus Pla-tone: "[...] Is that real-ing his body alone is present and se-Journe in the city, while his thought, all this astounding con-[intrigue, charges, meetings, banquets] with disdain as things Mesqui-ties and worthless, while walk-through flight, as Pindar said, sounding the depths of the earth and measuring the extent of its surface [geometry], continuing the stars across the sky [astronomy] scanning anyway all nature and all beings as a whole, never stoop to what is near him "(174b, trans. Chambry). Something similar has probably happened to this new turn, the contrast between the episteme of the Renaissance and that of the classical period was clearly shown by Foucault [25] : as if abundance of printed and will rieti progressive interests, drawings and experi-ences, all these inscriptions had freed the boldest readers of 'lectio' school, co-mmentaire texts and are as the main source of thought, free from the 'language of the School' (The term is pejorative in Descartes and 'scholastic'). As if these vari-ous interests, new things to think and know, to imagine and experience to do their jumping your contexts, both of usa-daily as records management, gag-chemotherapeutic agents which-autonomy, evidence , clarity and distinction, in short, as if the el-be-naient of 'ideas' [26] . The criterion of truth that is so moved, nor the authority of the Ancients (or so the theologians, the Magisterium church), rather obviously glaring clear and distinct ideas whose Cogito remains the great example, even the act of liberation. Impossible without the work-able definition of centuries, these ideas - 'images', or better, re-presentations of objects that fill the soul and thus the body away from his place in the world (Descartes) - are by definition without context, ideas that come to mind, that we exchange, we discussed, which is subjected to experimentation, which is written under the new lo-cal analysis and the synthe-se. The soul-who-think thus gains a new stature: turned increasingly to the changing world, the world to change, it become-dra - throughout the classical period, 17th and 18th centuries - 'subject' ideas re-populated with objects, ideas to link be-tween them by relations of reason. Without this freedom of pen-off service contexts, to think of ideas 'universal', over and there would not have this broad movement toward the comparison of the structures of plant and animal anatomy, to Thurs grammatical and logical complements in complex sentences, to question the logic of exchange, contracts, production of wealth [27] , there would be no science. Including physics, extending the re-vo-lution of astronomy by Copernicus, will be the pioneer.
The End of Europe-civilization
19. If I used the convenience of the Year 1450 for his birth place, we could take the year of 1950 [28] as convenient date for the term of this modern Europe, victim-cen five centuries later his two great wars [29] , excesses of the so-called ideological e - se well-dressed, modern, alas! - An abstract representation nationalist wanting to pure, strong, who re-pand mad exterminator, so that Nazism was sui-cided Europe; which, on the other hand, was divided between East and West the east by a repre-senta-tion universalist abstract thinking himself able to control everything in the human world, his reason too atheist, that is to say, ab-so-read, how totalitarian the Inquisition . While the pagan folly, the country which was the Athens of Europe throughout the 19th century, has accomplished what we know - what we can not sa-see, what to say, there no words, because the excess of possible human experience - on the Jewish people, including hunting outside Spain and Portugal had been among the events inaugural-lateral 'of Europe. This death-civilization of Europe is distinguished by Enco re-demonstration, outside the home, the character of its deadly physical science: the atomic bomb was created by scientists-European, thrown out of the Americans on Asians, civilian populations killed like ants. We could bring the 'de-made' Europe's con-lig-sized welt of mistresses that we designed. The printed Merie gave the top spot it has occupied for five centuries-oped to images of audio-visual. The discoveries of the past have been per-co-decolonization, exploitation and even slavery small-little peoples 'de-covered', and years 50 and 60 were those of their de-co- ; loni-tion systematic Europe which have the CE-der to one of its former colonies domination of the oceans, and that any recent tunes. The Revolution will be astronomically consecrated by the space adventure and the ar-rival of Apollo to the moon, what Eu-rope was made possible not having been made by her. The in-fighting ceased for the hegemony be-tween European nations has been the rule for all these centuries and now sells-ing to the space com-mon market and the cur-rency, perhaps a day of politics. The rupture of Christianity ends in safety and in-larisa déchristiani-sa-tion mas-sive, that is to say in the death of Mono-Theis-me. Humanism is replaced by the technology and media-tion and becomes a discourse moral and political rights (human hands, ecology, etc.). Who are sagum to repair the ravages of te-ch-No- ; logy. In the perspective and proportions of the figures meet both their proliferation in-challenge-nie and trivialized in photography and film and their challenge-gu-ration in abstract art. The repre-sen-tation and 'it' subjects cè-tooth philosophies announced Nietz-che, which Freud's and Hei-Degg Deleuze and Derrida, deconstruction gradually consolidated what was so pe-ni-ably built by Europe. What is being Renai-be, we do not yet soaps sa-say, but it seems that this is something else. Sometimes we think it can be monstrous.
The "European miracle" between economics and philosophy
20. Maybe setting the contrast between Europe and Japan may allow it to broaden the discussion: why only Europe and not any of the great Asian civilizations, China, India, the Ottoman Empire, which were at its height, if not more developed in the late 15th century, modernization has successfully industrialized tee? A 1981 book, the economic historian EL Jones [30] leads the comparison between these four main historical regions from 1400 to 1800, by calling geographical con-text and political conditions on par-ticular market: it's called The European Miracle, and it is not inappropriate, because his last sentence is this: "the development of a very long time Europe seems a miracle. If there had been a week-lar development in Asia, it would have been a supermiracle. And 20 years later, the introduction réeitère before the final word ("there is still much to do" in this "comparative economic history"): "looking good, maybe there is something supernatural cension did in Europe ". The word 'miracle' in a meticulous scientific signifi-lous-trust defeat to the analysis: there, there are many factors of partial explanation, but we do not know how to collect a satisfactory manner. Now it happens that the author is perhaps too strict in the range of factors 'economic' he holds, the most shocking is that he does not consider the comparison between the sys-d 'ATTENDING-ment, never speaks of the medieval universities, its referendum is books only for their business, not their content ('reason', for example, logic, science, grammar [31] , not to speak of philosophy). And another thing more astonishing in-core: never mentioned is the formation of a middle class - as she is focused almost all factors of progress (trade, science, technology) in their care - and therefore the historical reasons for its formation in Western Europe and not in the great Asian civilizations. The title of the book you just read are "Bible and philosophy in the construction of Europe"; without claiming that my arguments replace his own, without claiming a philosophical reading (admittedly, Rap-ment methods civilizations: the gesture) may be competition to that of economists, I wonder if it does for would-be supplemented by the considerations I have suggested. It would be necessary, of course, that these considerations could be incorporated in my b-objects is analyzed historical (schools and books, what they cared, what developments there had in school-based programs and in the catalogs of publishers, for example) and articulated with the economic data say. It may happen paradoxically to undo, by considerations which include the Mono-theism itself, the com-position of God and his death, the character 'mid-raculeux' of this case not-sive.
21. If one reads the three similarities between Greece and Europe and their difference (11. 3-6), the beam is to offer reasons of modernity: a) what Jones calls the state system (aggressive) with a ' culture, common, b) sea trade, c) critical thinking and democratic, d) Greek Judeo Christian tradition as a legacy of Europe. Without doubt, it is not involved in Greece: there is still significant that it was a kind of miniature of Europe, and we also often speaks of 'Greek miracle' [32] . These are the points a) and b) are subject to economic analysis that detailed comparative c) and d) are assumed, while the technological invention that has led to industry remains the mystery: "[ ...] persistent trend for the introduction of technological innova-tions-logical origin of this trend is not clear "(Introd. second edi-tion, p. 32). However, among the three major traits of the Renaissance I rete-nu, the first two overlapping d) and b) and third, the new report vision / hand, retains the technology (and also the essential difference between European science and the Greek, namely the ex-periment as technical as the laboratory).
22. So how to articulate my reasoning argu-ta-tion type rather philosophical with the economic analysis of Jo-ties, as much as possible? I will leave the industrial revolution in reverse. If we had not invented the steam engine or electricity, that would be Europe? Companies such old-governed me, probably not much more developed than those of Asian empires, contacts with them continuing to be very distant. Question: What has enabled these two inven-tions? This is the pile of Volta (1800) which allowed the electric current and all experimentation that made possible the theoretical physics of elec-tro-magnetism. Although Gram, a former Belgian menusier-Fri-tor in the dynamo, "first-gen nérateur DC com-mercially available in 1870" (Landes 1975, 391-2), a process for the empirical form It is undeniable that it was not possible in the context of theoretical physics he knew. The same reasoning applies to J. Watt: the theory of physics machine will fear, thermodynamics, has been invention Wu a hundred years later, does not invalidate that Watt was a civil servant physics laboratory, with the head, eyes and hands of a physicist at the laboratory, it did nothing outside the context of science [33] . It was, in both cases, before experimentation laboratoriale theory, which was often the case in European history of science, to epochs where paradigms were still undeveloped, so to say. Therefore, the re-volution in-dustrial has was only possible because of the emergence of physics with Galileo, Newton and many of the very-gold, they are not historically understandable without the medieval universities. My argu-men-ta-tion about the "paradox of Galilee" was a way to articular l the game of biblical separation from God and those who made the de-finish in Plato and Aristotle, forma-tion of monotheism Me-aeval, then resumed his-Acts of Thomas Aquinas and Occam for this science - its 'ideas' and the Laboratory - has been possible 'without mid-scraper' in a very lengthy history and a lot of randomness, including what some of them geniuses, and his followers the technological revolution as capitalism. Alas, it is likely that this whole argu-ment is more or less unreadable by an economic historian, who are time that "the ground-the material issues is stronger" than "pure history ideas "(p. 30). But he will agree to agree that is something that is decisive for the contrast with Asians: we saw the Japanese complain to Hei-Degg (§ 7).
23. One may wonder if there is not a notable absentee in the analysis of Jones, who can make a certain unity to the various factors he identified: the bourgeois classes. He contrasts so very enlightening, the state system in Europe (where he never had an empire lasting from the 5th century) to the Asian empires of China, India and Turkey. Reasons of geographical context (agricultural areas very Rees-fertile surrounded barriers - mountains or dense forests - were at the heart of the major United Na-tions [34] ) this difference in explanation, which the other of these empires was a duality between the abyssal class warriors and those of the peasants, those who have other interests than ever to loot the agricultural surpluses or other wealth to live in a 'luxury asia-tick', as they say , that they have the largest number of children for a work-in Vail still lacks manpower. Trade is over-all luxury goods and merchants which become rich will never be safe nor their heirs, not to attract con-forfeiture arbitrary emperors, which "did not want to submit no-laient the law nor pro-posed legislation im-biased to their subjects "(p. 61). However, trade de-veloped in a divided Europe and with lots of hills and my maritime-navigable rivers was large amounts of mar-commodification common interest of kings being the tax rather than to confiscate and 'in Finally [35] . But also, I think he, the republics were Italians, the ports of the Hanseatic League, Amsterdam and Antwerp, which were the origin of this wholesale trade, because the government-ers did not as-sez land, the trade issue outside their home was their main cause of taxable income. It is also in these cities that the bank network grew, the credentials, that is to say money is signed, assuming also an agreement (monotheist?) Of civilization in this 'credit' in the signature of people who were strangers not at all. Jones noted very juice-ment "-ing the appearance of a European spirit in the bourgeoi-sie, the in-verse of the conventional vi-sion, which saw the broadcast from a UK particularly creative, develop-ment lop-pe-Commercial and Industrial had its roots in these net-works inter-na-tional commercial houses "(p. 198).
24. However, this difference - between the aristocracy on the one hand warriors, with the clergy and more, living on the surplus land and other farmers who cultivated - also existed in the Middle Ages. The first does not work-ing their hands, without the bourgeoisie n'au it would have been no-trade or technology. Jones noted how these surpluses have allowed the Crusades and the con-struction of cat-cathedrals, but seems to forget, to contrast with Asia, and develop-ment of towns and the university. I pretended, in glo-ing Market (these were the greatest invention of Europe), that Europe is the greatest invention of its universities. Not that they have 'done' Europe, which is especially re-bourgeoisie 'invented', that is to say trans-mitted the creative spirit of scientific invention (and possibly fomites the invention also te-chnological). Taking into account that criticized how the Protestant indulgences and convents meant the end of the medieval ecclesiastical economy and inter-pretation of the relationship between the Weberian Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism must therefore understand another decisive factor in the industrialization it was essentially the Protestant countries of Eu-rope in West and North, the only important excep-tion of France and commercial cities of the cia-Flanders and Northern Italy. Literacy due to the role of play-ture of the Bi-ble (11. 34), along with the Jews, indeed, being among the decisive factors of modernity, it seems likely that the "free exam- ; men "Lutheran (which will echo the" methodical doubt "Cartesian) is one of the keys to the spirit criticized and that in-ventive. We can take these various historical factors, besides those relating to geography, through their effects in the formation of the Protestant bourgeoisie [38] who carried the bulk of extra-process of development which, since the Commons of the 12th and 13th centuries and their universities, since this great revival of his hands in history that has given itself the name of Renais-san is, since the invention of physics and philosophy of sub-jects and social contracts, resulted in the industrial and political revolution in the last quarter of 18th century.
25. One way to tell the nice side effect of the analysis of Jones, it would be-that it is Europe that made up the story, that companies asia-ticks were not historical, despite their knowledge of the Scrip-ture: that is what we mean by stagnation. And so the compar-ison with them is also a confirmation of my way to tell the work of Europe, landscape composition of the mo-dernité. We could possibly find a way to check the connection of Heidegger on "the European conceptual system" ing the design that I proposed on the historical weight, quasi-material, writing, text phi-losophy: it would draw up a list of my current b-to-the Greek root or tine which have been subject to philosophical debates and definitions, whether in the Middle Ages or in Eu-rope classic then take some samples of dis-course of various ty-pes of contemporary institutions and elimi-there undermine these terms to see if retain the sense or if the holes were de-structed. Is this a scientific way may be required into account by a historian of the economy?
26. But we could also try to com-pare with the same dis-course types of institutions in Japan, China, India, in Islam, how these terms are either absent or work-products, either become neologisms, through-out as is or adapted-tees. In a more general F-Con, perhaps it would be possible to ask the question what part of 'separation' - compared to clôtu-res-year anthropology of ethnic societies in which they were read - had the Large text Buddhism, and Confucionisme-tres, as happened in Judah (Judaism), Greece (Hellenic body) and Eu-rope after the Renaissance and the printing-Series (humanism). This may be more difficult, but could reveals to an attempt of some use-ve for dialogue between cultures intended to rencon-born-TRERE increasingly in the future, or to interfere to each other: because these texts were probably cool effects to these civilizations from which they benefit at-RONT to resist the leveling effect of the industrial and media sorts, to reconcile modernity with their traditions. It is also urgent in Europe, of course.
27. Either as a postscript. Aldo Schiavone ( History broken. Ancient Rome and the Modern West , Belin, 2003) takes up this comparison of Western modernity but with the Roman Empire, wondering why there were there a breaking story the disaster of Pan Western Empire, why it did not pursue it, continuously, the route of the mo-dernité. "Why economic civilization Western social and she had to be built through a relationship also tor-nected with and distant past with old re-devel if, instead of being its immediate development? "(p. 199). Ancient Rome and the modern West are "[...] two worlds apart, separated by a res insurmountable qualitative difference, which refers to the strata of men-tality, habits, behavior of material conditions and cultural forces whose lines of di-ver-gent radically " (P. 200). The ap-proach is more daring in terms of approach (where Jones is too empiricist taste for non-Anglo-Saxon), also cannot explain more, beyond the savings-tarciques small houses, the great commerce to lon-gue distance - the cereal-, wine, oil, manufacturing di-to-person concerned and in all layers of urban social - depends essen-tial-tion policy, that is to say of war: land conquered and exploited, rich, vain of his cus- looted, the slaves became Cape tured labor in the production of LVL-Fundia, mining and manu-bill. The stability of this system - it lasted from the first part of the third century BC. BC until the middle of deu-ond century AD. JC (p. 67) - is the very originality: there is no "eco-nomic sphere" (p. 46) independent, not free labor (the re-wages is stigmatized), no "middle classes" (pp. 96, 119), economic growth stopped when there were no more conquests to do (pp. 73, 222). The second part of the long chapter on "the slaves, nature, machines" shows how this system was "blocked" by an "abyss", a "fault" between knowledge-based and cross-training nature ". This is the way donty was overcome this flaw or deep, this separation, we tried to focus here, following the text on the construction and deconstruction of Monotheism Europe.
[1] The beginning was written in response to exposure in Lisbon on maritime art of classical Athens.
[2] As I write this, I was a state of profound ignorance of Occidental. The recent visit of the Byzantine and Christian Museum in Athens, including the texts that lead the visitor are of great clarity, made me understand the power and greatness of Greek culture. After his classical period, it was fertilized culturally throughout the Mediterranean and the Roman Empire, and thus subsequently told that here is a little, the civilization of Europe, before being sunk in the Christianity of the empire , to undergo the seventh and eighth centuries a strong urban crisis and return to ruralization : It was his 'end of world', parallel to that of the West, offline. But then, she has fertilized Christianity itself and created a new culture and civilization in the Greek language, that of Byzantium, which fertilize the Russians and other Slavs, so-called Orthodox, the other half of the modern Europe. And then, in 1453, a second 'end of world'. Incredible!
[3] Similarly, it is a kind of polytheism-without-it would be gods in witchcraft in the Bocage Jeanne Favret-Saada ra-County ( Words, death, leave , investigates witchcraft in the Bocage , Gallimard, 1977). The 'cure' means that, before the various' forces' that cause injuries in the 'home', we must restore the unity of the body-house, the disenchant-ment first place 'single' force ' single '- Rassem bling-forces dis-gregation of the home - the sorcerer spilled on ad-verse.
[4] With the exception of the Roman Empire and its trade in cereals, wine and oil over long distances.
[5] But the work of linguists, Bopp to Dumezil on the area of lan-guages your di-Indo-European myths, suggest at least one nor-calf more archaic civilization.
[6] In addition to the double bond (home office) of each company (4. 16), there is this link civilization grafted on the other (s). Link civilizational, Mono-theism 'enters' everywhere in the super domum each house in each of the signs monarchical society.
[7] Here is what is significant double movement: Galileo wrote his Dialogues Italian, wanting to find support among Italian-lit but not very ecclesiastical or specialists, but the conviction oc-naked lead to their translation Latin (Holland) so they can Has the public had a dye-European. It seems that this was indeed the same con-damn-ing that led to defend the scientists, training of the Royal Academy in London and the Academy of Sciences of Paris, a sort of representation of the "community Universal scholars', 'support' of universal reason in the process of emerging ger.
[8] Way to Language, Gallimard, 1976 88
[9] While the so-called 'revolution' is usually not only in relation to it, or where he has acted in its birth: the revolution industry and its political implications, American independence and the French Revolution, or so-called 'attitudes'; either tried-tive acceleration in order to resume the delay: the revolutions in Europe and Latin America, those of Asia and Africa, and especially the Leninists. Because there has never been a revolution 'Marxist', as it should continue and complete the bourgeois revolution in the capitalist countries of Europe.
[10] This may be the homes of nobles who are closest to those of the ancient Hebrews. Home they also worship their ancestors and their genealogies is very well maintained, and thus the cult of blood, honor, courage in war, everything that we receive stories, read and reread with fervor of those great ancestors. "According to Gilles André de La Roque, a nicely-the man of good family was still in his blood resource ca-played-Tront enabling it to transmit to his descendants of good elements, even if he had a life unworthy. The nobility is in fact a kind of grace [of blessing], related to blood and race. The lines are beings of the nature. A mysteriously energy is the privilege of the noble houses. According to Jean-Ta Saulx Gate, 'the truth of the races' is clear, even if the kings lower ranks of people of quality in the ceremonies. Birth, although essen-tial families, enabling them to withstand the whims of the monarch, to maintain lasting fame, known to all, facing the uncertainties of favor and the court life "(Labatut J.-P., 1978, The European nobility of the late fifteenth century to the late eighteenth century , PUF, p. 73, emphasis added). And further, the 'blessings' is also clearly marked: "The nobility [...] has a his-toric unquestionable right to power and honor. térieuse A mystical energy is the privilege of the noble houses of those glorious lines which, for Germans were of divine ancestry "(p. 75).
[11] In fact, the nineteenth century and part of the twentieth has been the subject of a strong disciple-naris and supervision of children, both academically and moral (and often religious). A whole body of literature on the education of boys and girls is deployed throughout the nineteenth century (as well as movements turned to religious pedagogy), the wave of Puritanism that has immortality-ized the Queen Victoria of England completing the devices 'humanist' whose effect is that of Dr. Ren-strong firm and this fragile nuclear family bourgeois newborn. From this perspective, the human would manisme reformulation in terms of family and individual (knowledge, competence, responsibility ethics ...) the moral of yore - in manufacturer new individuals in a heavy-Su ; per-Ego, Freud 'discovered' and that N. Elias told the story - in a world of strong agitation, both social and political at the level of ideas: the boys are defensive-DRE of "advanced ideas", the girls' romantic fantasies "ve-ro-mans bare and leaf tones.
[12] The questions of the type of political constitution, the electoral system, etc.., Not a priority. The single-party regimes (right or left) that have dominated much of the twentieth century should be seen as phe-nome-ties associated with developmental delay, whether we Vou-drait the speed of F-Con proactive, whether it was suspicious the mo-dernité and losing its traditional identity.
[13] The printing discloses reading beyond the clergy and officials from re prices, pushing colleges to the children of nobles and bourgeois, more or less wealthy places the Bible in the hands of non- intellectuals, but also novels of chivalry and other diversion works, gradually gives origin to a layer intellectual is no longer intended to church functions. The book gets into town houses and bring other worlds to the world of families, in their case-cultural Tarcis.
[14] Protestantism has played a very important role as well in the alpha-Beti-tion of populations in Northern Europe, as it had already happened to the Jews.
[15] "And we saw the whole earth, at once / round bursts into the deep blue."
[16] The recent book by Geneviève Bouchon, Vasco da Gama , Fayard, 1997, my very-very well how, in the epic of Portuguese India and Asia, is reconciled taste scientific discoveries nautical, geographical, astronomical and anthropological and taste of spices to your in-able European noble houses, and these two tastes are reconciled in ef-fect in a gesture of conquest, typical of warrior societies in houses, Afonso de Albuquerque established the strategy, based artillery and fortifications (Hormuz, Goa and Malacca) , ensuring military control of the seas. The most despicable side of this conquest, from the beginning was the slavery of black Africans, prac-cated elsewhere by Africans, Indians and Muslim-mans.
[17] reported a television documentary of the 80s, seen by ha-sard, which I forgot detail and not accept referrals.
[18] Etymology: perfect vision, completed, is that of a 'subject' human (humanism) from a point of view. Geometry or mathematics, which had a decisive role in future science, brought Plato ally criticism of Aristotle's dialogues have been translated into Latin by Marsilio Ficino to 1469, during this turn.
[19] Encycl. Universalis, vol. 14, art. "Renaissance". It is in this encyclo-pedia that I have drawn the bulk of the material in this subchapter.
[20] J. Goff told the 'birth' to the late twelfth century and has been the support of theological economics medieval church.
[21] G. Bataille, The Accursed Share . The hello will no longer by works' (indulgences, masses for the dead, foundations of monasteries, etc..), But by the 'one faith'.
[22] But do not oppose too much about the soul and the soul of Aristotelian would (apart from its essential immortalized Christian tee) may be closer to the subject (apart from its Kantian finitude --- ------ only) it would be the core of the-gustiniens. Shall preclude the fishing-change of civilization between companies and corporate houses to let institutions understand this difference. The soul that exercised control over the body and its passions, women and children of the house and its slaves or serfs, and other domestics, she was born con-physis, nature, according to the syntax four causes of Aristotelian-licien, but not intervene, just as the pro-pre of the physis is to push for itself: the living are self-governing ', they feel birth, is fed-feel, grow and die for themselves: humans have none-the master himself, fertility is a blessing, a gift of the gods-of-ancestors of the Christian God. The subject, it is resolutely turned towards the world, in any complicity between one and another among the classical thinkers of the seventeenth century, those of the turn.
[23] Newton acknowledged. This ignorance of writing (Derrida and his Grammatology) as a technique of language extends the EM-knowledge 'idealistic' without hands of the Greeks, although their 'soul' is replaced contemplative by a 'subject' facing the world, seeking knowledge and mastery.
[24] The philosophical questions retain their autonomy intertextual, in the act of composition incessantly taken over from generation to generation, but the turns are also interfere civilizational, inter-scoring eruptions which, in what I called the gesture sometimes require a particular thinker, a more or less abrupt change of this composition.
[25] Words and Things , chap. II-VI and III, respectively.
[26] So I continue my praise of philosophy '(8. 34), a philosophy that I do but I am not an heir (partial, as always in matters of inheritance).
[27] This is how bourgeois, instead pick them up by winning drinking-tins, the way of the warrior aristocracy.
[28] The Marshall Plan aid from the United States to rebuild Europe in ruins, is absolutely unthinkable for the previous five centuries.
[29] After a century of peace, due to industrialization and trade correlative.
[30] O Milagre europeu, 2002, Gradiva, with an introduction to the 2001 report shovel the discussion it generated.
[31] The sections of a chapter "snake in general" in the sixteenth century, which greatly shocked Buffon in the eighteenth (Foucault, The Order of Things, p. 54) have clearly shown the differences between these two centuries.
[32] It may be that this argument of Jones, a) and b), the most convincing, I think he is also valid to explain it, its lack of inherited ge-being compensated by the inbreeding, which was highlighted in chap. 8 and 9, and the "laboratories" of policy and writing were a few Greek colonies of Asia Minor and Southern Italy: philosophy did not begin in Athens. A similar role has been in Europe the Italian city-states (§ 17), whose commercial and financial development has resulted in the movement of the Renaissance. The writing is innovative, especially in marginal environments, outside the circles of Orthodoxy, it is always the case for the vast literature.
[33] Nuance thus affirming Landes, who fishes for empiricism: "Science does not precede the technical long these two activities were parallels and inde-pa-tion" (contrecape Publishing French).
[34] All over the parallel 45 º North, a rainy climate and hard, more conducive to reason than passion, as Rousseau pointed out in his Essay on the Origin of Languages.
[35] The Christian Monotheism has prevented this arbitrariness on the part of kings
[2] As I write this, I was a state of profound ignorance of Occidental. The recent visit of the Byzantine and Christian Museum in Athens, including the texts that lead the visitor are of great clarity, made me understand the power and greatness of Greek culture. After his classical period, it was fertilized culturally throughout the Mediterranean and the Roman Empire, and thus subsequently told that here is a little, the civilization of Europe, before being sunk in the Christianity of the empire , to undergo the seventh and eighth centuries a strong urban crisis and return to ruralization : It was his 'end of world', parallel to that of the West, offline. But then, she has fertilized Christianity itself and created a new culture and civilization in the Greek language, that of Byzantium, which fertilize the Russians and other Slavs, so-called Orthodox, the other half of the modern Europe. And then, in 1453, a second 'end of world'. Incredible!
[3] Similarly, it is a kind of polytheism-without-it would be gods in witchcraft in the Bocage Jeanne Favret-Saada ra-County ( Words, death, leave , investigates witchcraft in the Bocage , Gallimard, 1977). The 'cure' means that, before the various' forces' that cause injuries in the 'home', we must restore the unity of the body-house, the disenchant-ment first place 'single' force ' single '- Rassem bling-forces dis-gregation of the home - the sorcerer spilled on ad-verse.
[4] With the exception of the Roman Empire and its trade in cereals, wine and oil over long distances.
[5] But the work of linguists, Bopp to Dumezil on the area of lan-guages your di-Indo-European myths, suggest at least one nor-calf more archaic civilization.
[6] In addition to the double bond (home office) of each company (4. 16), there is this link civilization grafted on the other (s). Link civilizational, Mono-theism 'enters' everywhere in the super domum each house in each of the signs monarchical society.
[7] Here is what is significant double movement: Galileo wrote his Dialogues Italian, wanting to find support among Italian-lit but not very ecclesiastical or specialists, but the conviction oc-naked lead to their translation Latin (Holland) so they can Has the public had a dye-European. It seems that this was indeed the same con-damn-ing that led to defend the scientists, training of the Royal Academy in London and the Academy of Sciences of Paris, a sort of representation of the "community Universal scholars', 'support' of universal reason in the process of emerging ger.
[8] Way to Language, Gallimard, 1976 88
[9] While the so-called 'revolution' is usually not only in relation to it, or where he has acted in its birth: the revolution industry and its political implications, American independence and the French Revolution, or so-called 'attitudes'; either tried-tive acceleration in order to resume the delay: the revolutions in Europe and Latin America, those of Asia and Africa, and especially the Leninists. Because there has never been a revolution 'Marxist', as it should continue and complete the bourgeois revolution in the capitalist countries of Europe.
[10] This may be the homes of nobles who are closest to those of the ancient Hebrews. Home they also worship their ancestors and their genealogies is very well maintained, and thus the cult of blood, honor, courage in war, everything that we receive stories, read and reread with fervor of those great ancestors. "According to Gilles André de La Roque, a nicely-the man of good family was still in his blood resource ca-played-Tront enabling it to transmit to his descendants of good elements, even if he had a life unworthy. The nobility is in fact a kind of grace [of blessing], related to blood and race. The lines are beings of the nature. A mysteriously energy is the privilege of the noble houses. According to Jean-Ta Saulx Gate, 'the truth of the races' is clear, even if the kings lower ranks of people of quality in the ceremonies. Birth, although essen-tial families, enabling them to withstand the whims of the monarch, to maintain lasting fame, known to all, facing the uncertainties of favor and the court life "(Labatut J.-P., 1978, The European nobility of the late fifteenth century to the late eighteenth century , PUF, p. 73, emphasis added). And further, the 'blessings' is also clearly marked: "The nobility [...] has a his-toric unquestionable right to power and honor. térieuse A mystical energy is the privilege of the noble houses of those glorious lines which, for Germans were of divine ancestry "(p. 75).
[11] In fact, the nineteenth century and part of the twentieth has been the subject of a strong disciple-naris and supervision of children, both academically and moral (and often religious). A whole body of literature on the education of boys and girls is deployed throughout the nineteenth century (as well as movements turned to religious pedagogy), the wave of Puritanism that has immortality-ized the Queen Victoria of England completing the devices 'humanist' whose effect is that of Dr. Ren-strong firm and this fragile nuclear family bourgeois newborn. From this perspective, the human would manisme reformulation in terms of family and individual (knowledge, competence, responsibility ethics ...) the moral of yore - in manufacturer new individuals in a heavy-Su ; per-Ego, Freud 'discovered' and that N. Elias told the story - in a world of strong agitation, both social and political at the level of ideas: the boys are defensive-DRE of "advanced ideas", the girls' romantic fantasies "ve-ro-mans bare and leaf tones.
[12] The questions of the type of political constitution, the electoral system, etc.., Not a priority. The single-party regimes (right or left) that have dominated much of the twentieth century should be seen as phe-nome-ties associated with developmental delay, whether we Vou-drait the speed of F-Con proactive, whether it was suspicious the mo-dernité and losing its traditional identity.
[13] The printing discloses reading beyond the clergy and officials from re prices, pushing colleges to the children of nobles and bourgeois, more or less wealthy places the Bible in the hands of non- intellectuals, but also novels of chivalry and other diversion works, gradually gives origin to a layer intellectual is no longer intended to church functions. The book gets into town houses and bring other worlds to the world of families, in their case-cultural Tarcis.
[14] Protestantism has played a very important role as well in the alpha-Beti-tion of populations in Northern Europe, as it had already happened to the Jews.
[15] "And we saw the whole earth, at once / round bursts into the deep blue."
[16] The recent book by Geneviève Bouchon, Vasco da Gama , Fayard, 1997, my very-very well how, in the epic of Portuguese India and Asia, is reconciled taste scientific discoveries nautical, geographical, astronomical and anthropological and taste of spices to your in-able European noble houses, and these two tastes are reconciled in ef-fect in a gesture of conquest, typical of warrior societies in houses, Afonso de Albuquerque established the strategy, based artillery and fortifications (Hormuz, Goa and Malacca) , ensuring military control of the seas. The most despicable side of this conquest, from the beginning was the slavery of black Africans, prac-cated elsewhere by Africans, Indians and Muslim-mans.
[17] reported a television documentary of the 80s, seen by ha-sard, which I forgot detail and not accept referrals.
[18] Etymology: perfect vision, completed, is that of a 'subject' human (humanism) from a point of view. Geometry or mathematics, which had a decisive role in future science, brought Plato ally criticism of Aristotle's dialogues have been translated into Latin by Marsilio Ficino to 1469, during this turn.
[19] Encycl. Universalis, vol. 14, art. "Renaissance". It is in this encyclo-pedia that I have drawn the bulk of the material in this subchapter.
[20] J. Goff told the 'birth' to the late twelfth century and has been the support of theological economics medieval church.
[21] G. Bataille, The Accursed Share . The hello will no longer by works' (indulgences, masses for the dead, foundations of monasteries, etc..), But by the 'one faith'.
[22] But do not oppose too much about the soul and the soul of Aristotelian would (apart from its essential immortalized Christian tee) may be closer to the subject (apart from its Kantian finitude --- ------ only) it would be the core of the-gustiniens. Shall preclude the fishing-change of civilization between companies and corporate houses to let institutions understand this difference. The soul that exercised control over the body and its passions, women and children of the house and its slaves or serfs, and other domestics, she was born con-physis, nature, according to the syntax four causes of Aristotelian-licien, but not intervene, just as the pro-pre of the physis is to push for itself: the living are self-governing ', they feel birth, is fed-feel, grow and die for themselves: humans have none-the master himself, fertility is a blessing, a gift of the gods-of-ancestors of the Christian God. The subject, it is resolutely turned towards the world, in any complicity between one and another among the classical thinkers of the seventeenth century, those of the turn.
[23] Newton acknowledged. This ignorance of writing (Derrida and his Grammatology) as a technique of language extends the EM-knowledge 'idealistic' without hands of the Greeks, although their 'soul' is replaced contemplative by a 'subject' facing the world, seeking knowledge and mastery.
[24] The philosophical questions retain their autonomy intertextual, in the act of composition incessantly taken over from generation to generation, but the turns are also interfere civilizational, inter-scoring eruptions which, in what I called the gesture sometimes require a particular thinker, a more or less abrupt change of this composition.
[25] Words and Things , chap. II-VI and III, respectively.
[26] So I continue my praise of philosophy '(8. 34), a philosophy that I do but I am not an heir (partial, as always in matters of inheritance).
[27] This is how bourgeois, instead pick them up by winning drinking-tins, the way of the warrior aristocracy.
[28] The Marshall Plan aid from the United States to rebuild Europe in ruins, is absolutely unthinkable for the previous five centuries.
[29] After a century of peace, due to industrialization and trade correlative.
[30] O Milagre europeu, 2002, Gradiva, with an introduction to the 2001 report shovel the discussion it generated.
[31] The sections of a chapter "snake in general" in the sixteenth century, which greatly shocked Buffon in the eighteenth (Foucault, The Order of Things, p. 54) have clearly shown the differences between these two centuries.
[32] It may be that this argument of Jones, a) and b), the most convincing, I think he is also valid to explain it, its lack of inherited ge-being compensated by the inbreeding, which was highlighted in chap. 8 and 9, and the "laboratories" of policy and writing were a few Greek colonies of Asia Minor and Southern Italy: philosophy did not begin in Athens. A similar role has been in Europe the Italian city-states (§ 17), whose commercial and financial development has resulted in the movement of the Renaissance. The writing is innovative, especially in marginal environments, outside the circles of Orthodoxy, it is always the case for the vast literature.
[33] Nuance thus affirming Landes, who fishes for empiricism: "Science does not precede the technical long these two activities were parallels and inde-pa-tion" (contrecape Publishing French).
[34] All over the parallel 45 º North, a rainy climate and hard, more conducive to reason than passion, as Rousseau pointed out in his Essay on the Origin of Languages.
[35] The Christian Monotheism has prevented this arbitrariness on the part of kings
[36] Christianity and Greek philosophy are not factors sufficient components: the borders of the Byzantine Orthodoxy and Eslava still divide the Euro- ; pe. The contribution of Aristotle is also not enough: in the first half of the eighteenth cen-tury, Portugal Catholic used the gold of Brazil to erect a huge convent (which Saramago wrote the novel), as if one was in full medieval economy. Only then Pombal, the first mo-ernization, came.
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